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Druso's arch Arch of Giano Costantino's arch Address: piazza del Colosseo Situated at the entrance of the ancient Via Trionfale where were bestowed honours to generals and victorious emperors, the Arch of Constantine (restored in 1981-1987), has around: the Colosseum, the Neronian remains of the Domus Aurea, the vestiges of the temple of Venus and Rome and 1/5 of the Palatine. This extraordinary Arch, the most imponent and the best preserved amongst the surviving Roman arches, it seems the only one to be coherent with itself, but with a closer obervation one can notice the heterogeneity of ists parts and of the single sculptured components. It has been built with the assent of the Senate and of the People in 314 d.c., for the decennial of the emperor and to celebrate the victory of Constantine over Maxentius at the Milvio Bridge which happened three years before. Constantine insisted saying that the victory was due to a vision of Christ. The Arch was made using fragments of edifices of more ancient age, particularly the more beautiful reliefs were taken from the monuments of the time of Trajan and Adrian, illustrating the achievements of these emperors (so much that some scholars maintain that its origin would be in one of these periods and that Constantine would only have it modified). They are, in fact, anterior to Constantine, the statues of barberians high placed, the great battle frieze divided in four parts, the very beautiful lowreliefs of the attic, the medallions with hunting sceneries and sacrifices to divinities, these last ones surely of Adrian's time. Even the Corinthian columns and the entablatures have probably a far origin. Naturally non are lacking pieces in which is represented Constantine. He is shown while speaking to the people or conquerring a town. In these is seen the difference of the late ancient style as regards the late golden imperial period. This Arch, in its heterogeneity, is an exemple of a frequent praxis in the IV century : the one of stripping the ancient temples of statues and sculptures and using again these last ones to set up new monuments. This has thus allowed these works of arts to reach up to us, works which otherwise would probably have been distroyed. In the Middle-Age then it was incorporated in the fortresses of the Frangipane, and were restored in the XVIII century and liberated in 1804. It has three barrel vaults and free columns of Numidian marble on the facade, it was partly decorated with despoiled reliefs and sculptures : the statues of the barbarian prisoners, on the top of the columns, and the frieze on the sides of the attic and inside the central barrel vaults, are trajanious ; the circles over the barrel vaults are adrianian, the reliefs in the barrel vault, at the side of the incription are aurelian. The reliefs, made at Constantine time, present, in the allegorical figures, a somewhat classical outline which is worn out ; the historical ones, instead, are expression of the stereometrical taste of that time. NORTH FACADE; (towards the Colosseum). 1, 4, 5, 8: Dacian prisoners; 2: the triumph of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in his coming back to Rome (174); 3: The Emperor, on his return to Rome is greeted by the personified Via Flaminia;; 6: The Emperor distributes bread and money to the people; 7: The emperor interrogates a prisoner German king ; 9: Hunting to the lion ; 10: Sacrifice to Apollo; 11: Constantine speaks to the people; 12,13,21,22: Rivers; 14,15,23,24: : Victory with Roman legionaries and barbarian prisoners; 16,17: Victories; 18:Lion huntin; 19:Sacrifice to Hercules; 20:Constantine distributes cards; 25:"To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantine Maximus pius, blessful, august, the Senate and the Roman people dedicates this Arch famous for triumphs because, by the stimulus of the divinity and by elevated mind, he vindicated, with his army, by means of a just war, the State either from the tyrant, or, contemporaneously, from each faction". SOUTH FACADE; (towards via San Gregorio) 1, 4, 5, 8: Dacian prisoners; 2, 3:War episodes of Marcus Aurelius; 6:Allocution of the emperor to the army ; 7:Sacrifice; 9:Leaving for hunting ; 10:Sacrifice to Silavanus; 11:Constantine conquers Susa; 12, 13, 21, 22:Rivers; 14, 15, 23, 24: Victories with Roman legionaries and barbarian prisoners; 16, 17: Victories; 18: Bear hunting; 19: Sacrifice to Diana ; 20: Victory at the Milvius Bridge; 25: Specular inscription as the one of the north facade.